Ko adii nde ñawuuji mumtata fotde miliyaaruuji 3 walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ooɗoo lekki ina walliti mahde Amerik ƴellitiiɗo. Ngam artirde teddeendi maɓɓe majjundi, ina gasa tawa eɗen poti jaɓɓaade e feewnude tagoore ndee.
Won ɗo e hitaande 1989, Herbert Darling heɓi noddaango : Gañoowo gooto wiyi mo wonde o hawrii e lekki toowki Ameriknaajo e nder jeyi Darling to falnde Zor to hirnaange New York. Darling ina anndunoo wonde kastan ina jeyaa e leɗɗe ɓurɗe teeŋtude e nokku hee. O anndi kadi wonde mboros bonɗo ina fotnoo momtude leƴƴi ɗii ko ina ɓura teeminannde e feccere. Nde o nani ciimtol dogdu nduu ko fayti e yi’de 6icfcfo 6aleejo guurcfo, 6aleeri ndii ina juuti meeteruuji cficfi, ina yettoo galle joyi, o sikkatnoo cfum. “Mi sikkaani so miɗo sikki omo anndi ko ɗum woni,” Darling wiyi.
Nde Darling yi’i lekki kii, wayi ko no ƴeewde mbaydi taali nii. O wi’i: “Ko noon laaɓiri e timmude waɗde eɓɓoore-ɗum mawni.” Kono Darling kadi yiyi lekki kii ina maaya. Gila e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1900, ko ngoolɗoon ñawu nguu yani e maggo, ina sikkaa waɗii miliyaaruuji 3 walla ko ɓuri ɗum maayɓe e ɗiiɗoo ñawuuji. Ko ngol woni go’o ko ñawu nguu ina heɓtoo aadee, ɓurngu bonnude leɗɗe e nder daartol hannde. Darling miijii, so o waawaano hisnude oon lekki, ko famɗi fof o hisnat aawdi mum. Caɗeele ɗee ko goote : lekki kii alaa ko waɗata sabu alaa leɗɗe goɗɗe saraaji mum baawɗe pollineede.
Darling ko injenieer kuutortooɗo laabi injenieer ngam safrude caɗeele. Lewru suwee 6urndu nduu, nde pucfcfi daneeji 6uu6cfi 6uu6ol ngol 6uu6i e dow 6uu6ol lekki kii, Darling he6tinii balcfe 6uu6ol e 6uu6ol 6uu6ol, ngol 6e 6amti e pucfcfi gorko lekki gocfki ki o janngi, o riiwi feewde fucfnaange. Ɗum waɗii waktu gooto e feccere. O fiyi lekki kii e elikopteer renndinaaɗo oo. (Omo jogii sosiyatee mahngo keɓtinaaɗo, baawɗo dañde ngalu keewngu.) Ngolɗoo darnde ronkaama. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, Darling etiima kadi. Oo sahaa, kanko e ɓiyiiko, ɓe ndarni jolɗe ɗee haa e kastanuuji dow tulde, ɓe mahi heen jolɗe 80 meeteer toowɗe e nder ko ɓuri jonte ɗiɗi. Giɗo am oo ƴetti feggere ndee, ɓuuɓni puɗi ɗii e puɗi nannduɗi e ɓowɗi ɗii e lekki kastan goɗɗo.
Ndeen lewru, caɗeele lekki Darling ina mbaɗa burɗi ɓuuɓɗi e ƴiye daneeje. Ɗeeɗoo ƴiye ina tiiɗi, ina njuuti haa mbaawi majjere wonde ko kaktus. Kosam ɗam toowaani, ina waɗi fotde 100 njuumri, kono Darling ina aawi heen, ina pinni yaakaare. Kanko e sehil makko kadi ɓe njokkondirii e Charles Maynard e William Powell, annduɓe ɗiɗo ganndal taariindi leɗɗe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde New York to duɗal ganndal weeyo e laddeeji to Syracuse (Chuck e Bill maayii). Ko ɓooyaani koo ɓe puɗɗii toon eɓɓaande wiɗto kastannde nde alaa kaalis. Darling rokki ɓe kastanuuji, naamndii annduɓe ɓee so tawii ɓe mbaawi huutoraade ɗi ngam artirde ɗi. Darling wiyi : “ɗum wayi ko no huunde mawnde nii.” “Fuɗnaange Amerik fof.” Kono, duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum, lekki makko maayi.
Gila Oropnaaɓe puɗɗii hoɗde e Amerik worgo, daartol ko fayti e laddeeji duunde ndee ɓuri wonde ko ŋakkeende. Kono tan, eɓɓaande Darling ndee, hannde heewɓe ina cikka ko nde jeyaa e fartaŋŋeeji ɓurɗi moƴƴude ngam fuɗɗaade ƴeewtaade daartol ngol – e fuɗɗoode hitaande ndee, Templeton World Charity Foundation waɗti Maynard e Powell’s Eɓɓaande ndee rokki ko ɓuri heewde e daartol mum, tee ndeeɗoo darnde waawii ustude golle tokoose ɗe njoɓdi mum en ɓuri miliyoŋaaji 3 dolaar. Ko dokkal gootal ɓurngal mawnude ngal duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal rokki. Wiɗtooji annduɓe taariindi ina ndokka annduɓe ko faati e weeyo ngo, nde tawnoo feewnude aduna tagoore ndee firtaani tan ko ruttaade e Jardiin Eden mo alaa ko bonnata. Kono ina waawi firtude jaɓɓaade darnde nde njogiɗen ndee : injenieer kala ko ina wona tagoore.
Baaji kastan ina juuti, ina njuuti, ina nanndi e ƴiye ɗiɗi tokoose daneeje jokkondirɗe caggal e caggal e ƴiye hakkundeeje lefol ngol. To bannge gooto, leɗɗe ɗiɗi ina njokkondiri e ƴiye. To bannge goɗɗo oo, ɗe mbaɗata ko ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi, ndi heewi ɓuuɓde ko bannge. Ndee ɗoo sifaa mo sikkaano ina taƴa e nder ŋoral ɓuuɓngal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal e nder ladde, e ŋoral ŋoral ŋoral ina ummina hakkillaaji yimɓe, ina siftina ɓe yahdu maɓɓe e nder ladde nde meeɗiino jogaade leɗɗe keewɗe doole.
Ko binndol e siftorde tan mbaaw-ɗen faamde ɗee leɗɗe haa timma. Lucille Griffin, gardinooɗo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e kastaan ​​Ameriknaajo, meeɗii winndude wonde toon aɗa yi’a kastaanuuji keewɗi haa e nder ndunngu, puɗi ɓuuɓɗi, lineeruuji e dow lekki ɗii « no Ɓoggi ɓuuɓɗi njirlotoo dow tulde nii », ina addana mawniiko siftorde. E nder ndunngu, lekki kii ina fuɗa kadi, oo sahaa ko ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi ina sudda ɓuuɓri ndii. « Nde kastanuuji ɗii njuumti, mi mooftii feccere mbuuɗu e nder ndunngu », ko noon Thoreau gooto jahroowo e duuɓi 50 winndiri e « Walden ». “E oon sahaa, ina weli no feewi yahde e ladde kastannde nde alaa keerol to Lincoln e oon sahaa.”
Kastan ina koolnii no feewi. Leɗɗe kaaƴe ɗe njippinta tan ko ƴiye e nder duuɓi seeɗa, leɗɗe kastan ina njibina ƴiye keewɗe e kala lewru. Kastanuuji kadi ina weeɓi ɓuuɓde : aɗa waawi ɓuuɓnude ɗi, ñaama ɗi ɓuuɓɗi. (Eto huutoraade acornuuji keewɗi tannin-walla hoto mbaɗtu ɗum.) Mo woni kala ina ñaama kastan : deer, ƴiye, be’i, colli, neɗɗo. Remooɓe ɓee njaltina baali mum en, keɓa ƴiiƴam e nder ladde. E nder Noel, otooji keewɗi kastanaaji ina njirloo gila e koye ina njaha wuro. Eey, ko goonga ɓe ngummiima e yiite bonnde. « Ina wiyee wonde e won e nokkuuji, remooɓe ina keɓa ngalu keewngu e yeeyde kaɓirɗe ndema, ko ɓuri heewde e geɗe ndema » , e wiyde William L. Bray, deenoowo gadano duɗal ɗo Maynard e Powell ngolli caggal ɗuum. Winndaa ko e hitaande 1915. Ko lekki leñol, ko ɓuri heewde fuɗata ko e ladde.
Kadi ina rokka ko ɓuri nguura tan. Leɗɗe kastan ina mbaawi ummoraade haa 120 meeteer, 50 meeteer gadano oo, caɗeele walla nodule njiylotoo. Ko ɗum woni koyɗol leɗɗe. Hay so tawii wonaa lekki ɓurki ŋarɗude, wonaa kadi lekki ɓurki tiiɗde, ina yaawi mawnude no feewi, haa teeŋti noon so tawii ko nde ɓuuɓnde caggal nde nde taƴaa, nde ɓuuɓnataa. Nde duumingol jokkondire laana njoorndi e jolɗe telefoŋaaji ɓuri estetik, Chestnut wallitii mahde Amerik ƴellitiiɗo. Ujunaaje ujunnaaje cuuɗi, cuuɗi e ekkolaaji baɗaaɗi e kastan ina ndarii haa jooni ; winndiyanke gooto e hitaande 1915 hollitii wonde ko ɗum woni lekki ɓurki taƴeede e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik.
E ko ɓuri heewde e fuɗnaange-leɗɗe ɗee ina njahda e Mississippi haa e Maine, e gila e daande maayo Atlantik haa e maayo Mississippi-kastanuuji kadi ina njeyaa e majji. Kono to Appalachian, ko lekki mawki. Miliyaaruuji kastanuuji ina nguuri e ɗeen koye.
Ina haani ko Fusarium wilt adii feeñde ko to New York, ko ɗoon woni damal Ameriknaaɓe heewɓe. E hitaande 1904, ñawu nguu ina haawnii yiytaa e ɓalndu lekki kiiɗki, ina hatojini e majjude e nder nokku ɗo kullon ladde ngoni ɗoo (Zoo Bronx). Wiɗtooɓe ɓee njaawnii anndude wonde mboros baɗɗo mboros oo (caggal ɗuum ina wiyee Cryphonectria parasitica) arii e leɗɗe Japon naatnaaɗe gila e hitaande 1876. (Ko heewi e sahaaji ina woodi hakkunde naatgol mboros oo e yiytude caɗeele laaɓtuɗe.)
Ɓooytaani yimɓe e nder dowlaaji keewɗi kolliti leɗɗe ina maaya. E hitaande 1906, William A. Murrill, ganndo ko faati e mborosaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde New York, yaltinii winndannde ganndal adannde ko faati e ñawu nguu. Muriel hollitii wonde ooɗoo mboros ina addana ɗum ɓuuɓri ɓaleeri-boɗeeri e dow ɓalndu lekki kastan, ko ɗum addanta ɗum laaɓde e saraaji ɓalndu nduu. So ñamri e ndiyam nattii waawde ruttaade dow e les e nder ƴiye ɓalndu les ɓalndu, kala ko woni dow ŋoral maayde maaya.
Won e yimɓe mbaawaa miijaade-walla njiɗaa woɗɓe miijaade-lekki majjuki e ladde. E hitaande 1911, sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm, sosiyatee toppitiiɗo ko fayti e jaŋde sukaaɓe to Pennsylvanie, ina sikki wonde ñawu nguu « ɓuri ko hulɓinaade tan ». Gonal juutngal jaayndiyankooɓe ɓe ngalaa ɗo tuugii. Feere ndee uddaa ko e hitaande 1913. Duuɓi ɗiɗi jooni, Pennsylvania noddii goomu ñawu nguu, ngu yamiri yoɓde 275 000 dolaar Amerik (kaalis keewɗo e oon sahaa), e bayyinde paaspoor doole ngam ƴettude peeje ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ñawu, ina heen hakke halkude leɗɗe jeyi leydi. Patoloji ina wasiyoo ittude leɗɗe kastanɗe ɗee kala e nder kilooji seeɗa e yeeso ñawu nguu ngam heɓde batte haɓaade yiite. Kono ina gasa tawa ooɗoo mboros ina waawi diwde e leɗɗe ɗe njiyataa, tee ina njiyloo henndu, e colli, e ɓowɗi e yimɓe. Feere ndee woppitaa.
E hitaande 1940, fotde kastanuuji mawɗi njiytaaka. Hannde, nafoore miliyaaruuji dolaar momtaama. Nde tawnoo fusarium wilt waawaa wuurde e nder leydi, ɗaɗi kastan ina njokki e ɓuuɓde, ko ina ɓura 400 miliyoŋ heen ina keddii e ladde haa jooni. Kono tan, Fusarium wilt yiytii ɓuuɓri e nder lekki kii ɗo ngu wuuri ɗoo tawi bonnaani hoɗorde mum no feewi. Gila ɗoon, nde yaawi saabaade ɓuuɓri kesiri, ndi fooɗa ɗum en e leydi, ko heewi ko ɓooyi hade mum en yettaade daawal puɗi.
Industry leɗɗe heɓii feere woɗnde : ƴiye, pine, walnut, e cumu. Tanning, woni gollorde mawnde woɗnde tuugniinde e leɗɗe kastan, wayliima e tanning sintetik. Wonande remooɓe miskineeɓe heewɓe, alaa ko waylata : alaa lekki ngoɗki ina rokka remooɓe e daabaaji mum en kaloriiji e poroteyiinuuji ɗi ngalaa njoɓdi, koolniiɗi, keewɗi. Ina waawi wiyeede wonde mboros kastan oo ina joofna golle keewɗe ɗe Appalachian en mbaɗata e ndema mum, ina addana yimɓe nokku oo suɓaade ko laaɓti : yahde e nder lowre kuuraa walla yahde. Daartoowo biyeteeɗo Donald Davis winndii e hitaande 2005 : « Sabu maayde kaaƴe, aduna oo fof maayii, ɗum noon ina itta aadaaji nguurndam gonɗi e nder koye Appalachian ko ina ɓura teeminanɗe nay ».
Powell mawni ko e woɗɗude Appalachian e kastan. Baaba makko golliima e konu weeyo, o ummiima e galle makko : Indiana, Florida, Almaañ, e daande maayo fuɗnaange Maryland. Hay so tawii o waɗii nguurndam to New York, konnguɗi makko ina njokki e laaɓal Midwest e mbaydi teskinndi kono teskaandi e nder Sud. Jikkuuji makko koyɗi e mbaadi makko koyndi ina timmina, ina waɗi jeans e rotation shirt plaid mo nanndaani e joofgol. Ko ɓuri welde e makko ko “wow”.
Powell ina anniyii wonde safroowo daabaaji haa nde porfeseer gooto to bannge ganndal renndo fodani mo yaakaare ndema keso, ɓurka ɓadaade, tuugiika e leɗɗe baylaaɗe, baawɗe feewnude mbaawkaaji mum ngam haɓaade ɓowɗi e ñawuuji. “Miɗo sikki, wow, moƴƴaani waɗde leɗɗe baawɗe reenaade hoore maa e ñawuuji, tawa aɗa fotaani fiyde heen hay ñawu nguu?” Powell wiyi. “Ko goonga, heddiiɓe e aduna ɓee fof ndewaani miijo ngoo.”
Nde Powell ari e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Utah State e hitaande 1983, o ƴattaaki. Kono, o hawri ko e laboratuwaar biyoloji, omo golloroo e mboros baawɗo ustude mboros biyeteeɗo blight. Eɓɓooje maɓɓe huutoraade ooɗoo wirus yahraani no feewi : o saɗtataa e lekki e lekki e hoore makko, ɗum noon ko maa o huutoree ngam safrude sifaaji funeeɓe keewɗi. Ɗum fof e wayde noon, Powell ina teskini e daartol lekki mawki ɓuuɓki, o rokki heen feere ganndal ngam feeñninde majjere bonnde nde aadee waɗi. O wiyi : “sabu ŋakkeende njuɓɓudi marsandiis amen yah-ngartaa e winndere ndee, min naatnii pathogens e aksidaa.” “Mi miijiima: Wow, ɗum ina weli. Ina woodi fartaŋŋe wartirde ɗum.”
Powell wonaa etaade ittude ngalu gadano. Caggal nde laaɓti wonde kastan Amerik ina foti ustaade, USDA etinooma aawde leɗɗe kastan Siin, ko wayi no ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe ɓurɗe waawde ɓuuɓde, ngam faamde so tawii ooɗoo sifaa ina waawi lomtaade kastan Amerik. Kono tan, kastan ɓuri mawnude ko e yaasi, ina ɓuri nanndude e leɗɗe ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe, ɓuri nanndude e leɗɗe ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe. Ɓe njuumri e nder ladde ko leɗɗe ƴiye e ƴiye mawɗe Amerik goɗɗe. Mawnugol majji ina haɗee, walla ina maaya tan. Annduɓe kadi etinooma jibinde kastanuuji ummoriiɗi Amerik e Siin e nder heen, ina ɗaminii heɓde lekki jogiiki sifaaji moƴƴi ɗiin ɗiɗi fof. Tiɗnaare laamu nguu ronki, ɗe ngoppitaa.
Powell joofniri ko golle mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowri New York to duɗal ganndal e laddeeji, ɗo o hawri e Chuck Maynard, ganndo ko faati e taariindi, aawɗo leɗɗe e nder laboratuwaar. Duuɓi seeɗa ko adii hannde, annduɓe peewnii ƴiiƴam leɗɗe gadano baylaaɗam- ɓeydugol taƴre rokkata tuubaako reentaade antibiotik ngam hollirde karallaagal wonaa kala kuutoragol njulaagu. Maynard (Maynard) fuɗɗii dabbude e karallaagal kesal, ina yiyloo karallaagal nafoowal jowitiingal e maggal. Oon sahaa, Darling ina joginoo won e aawdiiji e caɗeele : feewnude kastan Amerik.
E nder duuɓi ujunnaaje ujunnaaje golle jibinannde leɗɗe gaadanteeje, remooɓe (e annduɓe ɓooyɓe) ina njiyloo sifaaji jogiiɗi sifaaji yiɗdeeji. Ndeen, taƴe ɗee ina njillondira e tagoodi, yimɓe ina cuɓoo jillondirɗe fotɗe wonde ngam ɓurde moƴƴude-leɗɗe ɓurɗe mawnude, ɓurɗe welde walla reentaade ñawuuji. Ko ɓuri heewde, ina ɗaɓɓi yontaaji keewɗi ngam feewnude huunde. Ngol laawol ina leeltina, ina jiiɓii seeɗa. Darling ina miijoo so tawii ngalɗoo laawol ina addana lekki moƴƴiri no tagoore makko ladde nii. O wiyi mi : “miɗo sikki eɗen mbaawi waɗde ko ɓuri ɗum.”
Innjiniyaaruuji renol firti ko hakkilantaagal ɓurngal mawnude : hay so tawii taƴre wootere ummorii ko e muminteeji ɗi njiidaa, ina waawi suɓeede ngam faandaare wootere, nden naatnee e nder ginom tagoore woɗnde. (Tagooje jogiiɗe taƴe ummoriiɗe e leƴƴi ceertuɗi ina “mbaylee”. Ko ɓooyaani koo, annduɓe ƴettii karallaagal ngam waylude no feewi taƴe tagooje njiylotooɗe ɗee.) Ngolɗoo karallaagal ina fodi laaɓal e jaawle ɗe meeɗaa yiyeede. Powell ina sikki wonde ɗum wayi ko no ina fotnoo no feewi e kastan Ameriknaajo, mo o inniri « leɗɗe fotde timmude » - tiiɗɗe, toowɗe, keewɗe nguura, ina ɗaɓɓi tan ko feewnitagol keeriiɗo no feewi : reentaade mborosaaji bakteriiji.
Banndiraaɓe jaɓ. O wiyi : “Eɗen poti jogaade innjiniyankooɓe e nder golle men.” “Gila e mahngo haa e mahngo ɗum ko sifaa otooji tan.”
Powell e Maynard ina cikki wonde ina waawi ƴettude duuɓi sappo ngam yiytude taƴe gonɗe e reentaade, ƴellitde karallaagal ngam ɓeydude ɗe e taƴre kastan, caggal ɗuum mawnina ɗe. Powell wiyi « min ngoni ko e teskaade tan ». "Hay gooto alaa taƴre nde rokkata mboros oo reentaade. En puɗɗiima tigi e nokku mo alaa ko woni e mum."
Darling ɗaɓɓiri ballal e Fedde Ameriknaare wiyeteende Chestnut, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, sosaande e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980. Ardiiɗo mayre wiyi mo wonde o majjii no feewi. Ɓe ngoni ko e daranaade jibinannde, ɓe keddii e reentaade ko fayti e innde genetik, ko ɗum addani annduɓe ko faati e weeyo luulndaade ɗum en. Ko ɗum waɗi Darling sosi fedde mum nde wonaa laamuyankoore ngam wallitde golle ganndal taariindi. Powell wiyi wonde fedde nde winnditii Maynard e Powell ƴeewndo adanngo ngo 30 000 dolaar. (E hitaande 1990, fedde ngenndiire ndee wayliima, jaɓi fedde seertunde Darling ndee, hono fedde mum adannde, kono won heen terɗe mum ina cikki walla ina njiɗi innde inndeeji ɗii haa laaɓi.)
Maynard e Powell ina ngondi e golle. Fotde ɗoon e ɗoon, waktuuji maɓɓe limtaaɗi ɗii kollitii wonde ɗi ngonaa gootum. Caɗeele gadane ɗee ko ƴeewde no njuumri ndii rewirtee e nder laboratuwaar. Maynard etinooma jillondirde e leɗɗe kastan e hormon mawnugol e nder lowre petri (petri) ɓuuɓnde, nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, ko feere huutorteende ngam mawnude leɗɗe. Ina wayi no ɗum wonaa goonga. Leɗɗe kese ƴellitataa ɗaɗi e ɓuuɓri ummoraade e cellal keeringal. Maynard wiyi : “ko miin woni hooreejo winndere ndee e warde leɗɗe kastan.” Wiɗtoowo to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Georgia, Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) jannginii Maynard haa jooni no yahrata gila e pollination haa e garoowo Kastan Leɗɗe e nder ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe e nder daawal ƴellitaare.
Yiytude taƴre moƴƴere-golle Powell-kañum ne hollitii wonde ina saɗti. O waɗii duuɓi keewɗi e wiɗtude feere antibakteriyee tuugiinde e taƴe paabi, kono o woppi feere ndee sabu kulhuli wonde yimɓe ɓee ina mbaawi jaɓde leɗɗe jogiiɗe paabi. O ƴeewi kadi taƴre ngam haɓaade mboros bakteriiji e nder kastan, kono o tawi ko reende lekki kii ina waɗi taƴe keewɗe (ɓe ciifi ko famɗi fof jeegom). Ndeen, e hitaande 1997, gollodiiɗo gooto artii e batu ganndal, limti abstract e presentation. Powell teskiima tiitoonde wiyeteende « Feññinde oksalaat oksidaas e nder leɗɗe baylaaɗe ina addana en reentaade oksalaat e funeeɓe peewnoowo oksalaat ». E wiɗtooji makko e mborosaaji, Powell ina anndi wonde funeeɓe wilt ina njaltina asid oksalik ngam warde ɓalndu kastan, e weeɓtinde ɗum ɓuuɓde. Powell anndi so tawii kastan ina waawi feewnude oksalaat oksidaas mum (poroteyiin keeriiɗo baawɗo ustude oksalaat), ndeen ina waawi waawde daranaade hoore mum. O wiyi : “ko ɗuum wonnoo sahaa am Eureka.”
Ina wayi no leɗɗe keewɗe ina njogii taƴre baawnde feewnude oksalaat oksidaas. Gila e wiɗtoowo baɗɗo konngol ngol, Powell heɓi heen mbaydi alkamaari. Linda Polin McGuigan, jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, moƴƴinii karallaagal « gene gun » ngam udditde taƴe e nder ƴiye kastan, ina ɗaminii wonde ina waawi naatde e ADN ƴiye ɗee. Taƴre ndee ina heddii e nder ɓiɗɗo oo ko juuti, kono caggal ɗuum majjii. Goomu wiɗto nguu woppii ngalɗoo laawol, ɓe mbayli ɗum e bakteriiji ɓooyɗi, ƴettuɗi laawol taƴgol ADN tagooje goɗɗe, waɗta heen taƴe mum en. E nder tagoore, tagooje tokoose ina ɓeyda heen taƴe doole jaɓɓotooɗe ɗee waɗde ñaamdu bakteriiji. Annduɓe taariindi naati e ooɗoo bakteri ngam waawde naatnude kala taƴre nde ganndo oo yiɗi. McGuigan dañii mbaawka ɓeydude taƴe alkama e poroteyiin marker e nder ƴiye kastan. So poroteyiin oo ƴettaama e les mikroskoop, poroteyiin oo maa yaltin annoore ɓaleere, kollitoore naatgol ngol ina yahdi. (Kippu oo yaawi woppude huutoraade poroteyiin marker-hay gooto yiɗaa lekki baawki jalbude.) Maynard innitiri feere ndee “ko ɓuri ŋarɗude e winndere ndee.”
E nder yontaaji, Maynard e Powell mahii laylaytol mooftirgol kastan, ngol jooni ina yaaji haa e etaaji keewɗi e nder galle wiɗto laddeeji mawɗi, baɗaaɗi e kitaale 1960, kam e nokku keso jalboowo mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa “Biotech Accelerator”. Laawol ngol ko adii fof ko suɓaade ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe puɗɗiiɗe ummoraade e taklon nannduɗo e taariindi (ko ɓuri heewde e ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe peewnaaɗe e laboratuwaar mbaɗataa ɗum, ɗum noon sosde taƴe alaa ko nafata) e waɗde heen taƴe alkama. Piɓaaji ɓiɗɗo, hono agar, ko huunde nanndunde e pudding, yaltinaande e alkule. Ngam waɗtude ɓiɗɗo oo lekki, wiɗtooɓe ɓee ɓeydi heen hormon mawnugol. Teemedde teemedde mbaydiiji palastik baɗɗi kuuɓtodinɗi, ɗi leɗɗe tokoose ɗe ngalaa ɗaɗi, ina mbaawi hoɗde e dow ŋoral les lampa ɓuuɓka doole. E joofnirde, annduɓe ɓee mbaɗii hormon ruttorde, mbaɗi leɗɗe mum en asliije ɗee e nder pottitte keewɗe leydi, mbaɗi ɗe e nder suudu mawnugol ɗo nguleeki mum tolnii. Haawnaaki tawa leɗɗe gonɗe e laboratuwaar ɗee ina ngondi e caɗeele e nder galleeji. Ko ɗum waɗi wiɗtooɓe ɓee kawri ɗe e leɗɗe ladde ngam waɗde heen geɗe ɓurɗe tiiɗde kono haa jooni ina mbaawi daɗde e jarribagol e nder ladde.
Duuɓi ɗiɗi jooni, Hannah Pilkey, janngoowo dipolomaaji to laboratuwaar Powell, hollitii kam no ɗum waɗirtee. O remii mboros baawɗo saabaade mboros bakteriiji e nder lowre petri tokosere. E nder ngool mbaadi udditiindi, pathogen oraas ɓaleejo ina nanndi e moƴƴo, ina fotnoo wonde belɗo. Ina saɗi miijaade wonde ko kañum woni sabaabu maayde e halkaare mawnde.
Jiiraawo gonɗo e leydi oo, ina sujji e leydi, ina maantiniri feccere milimeeteeruuji joy e lekki tokoosi, ina waɗi taƴe tati laaɓtuɗe e ɓuuɓri, ina ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri e dow ɓuuɓri ndii. O siifi ɗe e feccere filmo plastik. O wi’i: “Ko wayi no bannge.” Nde tawnoo ko lekki “konngol” ngol rewaani laawol, omo ɗaminii wonde ñawu nguu ina yaawi saabaade gila e nokku ɗo o woni ɗoo ɗoo, haa joofna, ina taaroo ƴiye tokoose ɗee. O holli mi leɗɗe ɗe taƴe alkamaari ɗe o safrunoo ko adii. Infection oo ina fawii e taƴre ndee tan, ko wayi no leppi oraas ɓuuɓɗi ɓadtiiɗi hunduko tokooso.
E hitaande 2013, Maynard e Powell kollitii nafoore mum en e wiɗtooji Transgenic : duuɓi 109 caggal nde ñawu nguu Amerik yiytaa, ɓe mbaɗi Leɗɗe nannduɗe e reentaade hoore mum, hay so tawii noon ɗe njiytiraa ko doseeji mawɗi mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi. E teddungal dokkoowo maɓɓe gadano, ɓurɗo waawde, o waɗi heen fotde 250 000 dolaar, wiɗtooɓe ina ngondi e innde makko. Ɗum woni ko wiyetee Darling 58.
Batu hitaande kala fedde wiyeteende New York Chapter mo Fooyre Ɓamtaare Amerik yuɓɓinaama e nder otel tokooso, sara New Paltz, ñalnde aset toɓo, e lewru oktoobar 2018. Fotde 50 neɗɗo ina kawri. Ndeeɗoo batu ko batu ganndal, heen batu mbaylaandi kastan. E caggal suudu batu tokoosru, terɗe ɗee mbayli saakuuji Ziploc keewɗi njuumri. Ndeeɗoo batu ko ngol woni go’o e nder duuɓi 28 ɗi Darling walla Maynard tawtoraaka. Caɗeele cellal ina njokki e maɓɓe ɗiɗo fof. « Min mbaɗii ɗum ko ɓooyi, fotde hitaande kala min njuumtata ko e maayɓe », ko noon Allen Nichols, hooreejo fedde ndee wiyri mi. Ɗum fof e wayde noon, miijo ngoo ina jokki haa hannde : lekki kii waylaaki, waɗii duuɓi keewɗi e jarribooji kisal e moƴƴere.
Terɗe fedde ndee ndokkii heen humpito laaɓtungo e ngonka kala lekki mawki hoɗki e nder diiwaan New York. Pilkey e almudɓe woɗɓe janngooɓe e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde kollitii no mooftirtee e mooftirtee pollen, no rewirtee kastanuuji les fitirlaaji nder galleeji, e no hebbinirtee leydi e ñawu nguu ngam juutde nguurndam leɗɗe. Yimɓe ɓerɗe kaaƴe, heewɓe e maɓɓe ina pollina, ina ndema leɗɗe mum en, ina naamndii sukaaɓe annduɓe.
Bowell fawi e dow leeso, ina ɓoornii ko wayi no uniforme mo laawɗinaaka wonande ndeeɗoo tonngoode : limce daneeje, ɓuuɓɗe e nder jeans. Reende makko e miijo wooto-golle duuɓi capanɗe tati yuɓɓinaaɗe e dow faandaare Herb Darling heɓtude kastan-ina famɗi e nder annduɓe jannguɓe, ɓe ɓuri heewde waɗde wiɗtooji e nder cirƴam kaalis duuɓi joy, caggal ɗuum Njeñtudi fotndi ndii ina rokketee woɗɓe ngam yeeyde ɗum. Don Leopold, gollodiiɗo am e departemaa Powell to bannge ganndal weeyo e laddeeji, wiyi mi : « omo jogii hakkille no feewi, omo jogii neɗɗaagal ». "O waɗata ridooji. O diwtataa e geɗe goɗɗe keewɗe. Nde wiɗto ngoo waɗi haa laaɓi, ardiiɓe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde New York (SUNY) njokkondiri e makko, ɗaɓɓiri mo patent ngam lekki makko mbele duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal ina waawa naftoraade ɗum, kono Powell salii. O wiyi wonde leɗɗe baylaaɗe ina nanndi e ndeeɗoo yimɓe Powell's primitive chestnut.
Kono o jeertinii ɓe : caggal nde ɓe keɓi ko ɓuri heewde e caɗeele karallaagal, leɗɗe baylaaɗe ina mbaawi jooni jogaade caɗeele ɓurɗe mawnude : laamu Amerik. Yontereeji seeɗa pawtii heen, Powell rokkii doosiyee fotde 3 000 kelle to Departemaa Amerik toppitiiɗo ko fayti e cellal daabaaji e leɗɗe, toppitiiɗo jaɓde leɗɗe baylaaɗe. Ɗum fuɗɗotoo ko golle jaɓgol njuɓɓudi ndii : ƴeewtaade ɗaɓɓaande ndee, ɗaɓɓude miijooji yimɓe ɓee, waɗde bayyinaango batte mum e weeyo, ɗaɓɓude miijooji yimɓe ɓee kadi e waɗde kuulal. Ngolɗoo gollal ina waawi jogaade duuɓi keewɗi. So kuulal alaa, eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi dartaade. (Mudda miijo renndo adanngo udditaaka tawo.)
Wiɗtooɓe ɓee ina njiɗi rokkude ɗaɓɓaande woɗnde to Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e nguura e leɗɗe mbele ina waawa ƴeewtaade kisal nguura e leɗɗe baylaaɗe, kadi Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e taariindi maa ƴeewto batte ndeeɗoo lekki e taariindi e nder sariya fedde nde, ko ɗum huunde nde ɗaɓɓiraa denndaangal leɗɗe baylaaɗe. biyoloji. “Ɗum ɓuri ganndal saɗtude!” gooto e jamaanu nguu wiyi.
"Oho." Powell jaɓi ɗum. "Ganndal ina weli. Ina mettina." (O wiyi mi caggal ɗuum : “Tolno njuɓɓudi tati ceertundi ko huunde ɓurnde yaawde. Ina wara tigi rigi newingol e nder ndeenka weeyo.”)
Ngam hollitde wonde lekki maɓɓe ina selli, goomu Powell waɗii jarribooji keewɗi. Ɓe ñamli oksalaat oksidaas e pollen beeli. Ɓe poondii mawnugol mborosaaji nafooji e nder leydi. Ɓe ngoppi leɗɗe ɗee e nder ndiyam, ɓe njiyti batte mum en e t. Alaa batte bonɗe njiytaa e kala wiɗto-e goonga, e goonga, golle ñaamdu baylaandu ina ɓuri leɗɗe won e leɗɗe ɗe mbaylaaka. Annduɓe neldi ƴiye ɗee to laboratuwaar ngenndiijo Oak Ridge e laboratuwaaruuji goɗɗi to Tennessee ngam ƴeewndaade, tawi alaa ko seerndi ɗum en e ƴiye ɗe leɗɗe ɗe mbaylaaka peewnata.
Hono ɗeen njeñtudi ina mbaawi deeƴnude reglementeeji ɗii. Ko famɗi fof, ɓe mbeltinataa daraniiɓe luulndiiɓe GMO. John Dougherty, ganndo pentiiɗo to Monsanto, rokkii Powell golle wasiyaaji tawa o yoɓaani. O innitiri ɓeeɗoo luulndiiɓe « luulndo ». Duuɓi capanɗe, juɓɓule toppitiiɗe ko fayti e weeyo ina njeertina wonde yahdude e taƴe hakkunde leƴƴi gonɗi e woɗɗude ina addana ɗum en batte ɗe nganndu-ɗaa, ko wayi no sosde “super weed” ɓurnde leɗɗe tawaaɗe, walla naatnude taƴe janane baawɗe saabaade jaɓɓotooɗo oo Waawde waylooji bonɗi e nder ADN leƴƴi ɗii. Ɓe ngoni ko e sunaare kadi wonde sosiyeteeji ina kuutoroo inndeeji taariindi ngam heɓde patenuuji e ƴellitde tagooje.
Hannde, Powell wiyi o heɓaani hay kaalis gooto to bannge njulaagu, tee o wiyi wonde dokkal kaalis laboratuwaar oo « haɓɓaaka ». Kono tan, Brenda Jo McManama, yuɓɓinoowo fedde wiyeteende « Reso environnement indigène » hollitii nanondiral e hitaande 2010 ngal Monsanto rokki Fooyre Ɓamtaare Chestnut e fedde gollodtoonde mum New York Toɓɓere ndee yamirii paaspooruuji ɗiɗi ngam waylude taariindi. (Powell wiyi wonde darnde gollorɗe, haa arti noon e Monsanto, ina famɗi ko ina tolnoo e 4% e kaalis gollorɗo mum fof.) McManama ina sikki wonde Monsanto (mo Bayer heɓi e hitaande 2018) ina yiɗi e nder sirlu heɓde paten, tawa ina wallita ko nanndi e iteraasiyoŋ lekki kii yeeso. Eɓɓoore nde alaa ko woni e mum. O wiyi e laaɓal, “Monsan fof ko bonɗo.”
Powell wiyi wonde patent mo nanondiral 2010 ngal joofi, tee, e bayyinde defte lekki makko e nder binndanɗe ganndal, o hollitii wonde lekki kii waawaa paten. Kono o anndi ɗuum ittataa kulhuli fof. O wiyi “miɗo anndi won wiyooɓe ko a batte tan wonande Monsanto.” “Ko mbaawɗaa waɗde, alaa ko mbaawɗaa waɗde.”
Ko ina wona duuɓi joy jooni, ardiiɓe fedde wiyeteende American Chestnut Foundation ciftinii wonde ɓe mbaawaa heɓde paandaale maɓɓe e mbaydi mbaylaandi tan, ɗum noon ɓe njaɓii porogaraam Powell mo nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni ko wiyetee « innde génétique ». Ngalɗoo kuulal addani won e luural. E lewru marse 2019, hooreejo fedde Massachusetts-Rhode Island, hono Lois Breault-Melican, woppi golle mum, sibu o siftinii Eɓɓaande Ekolosii Ñaawoore Adunaare (Eɓɓaande Ñaawoore Adunaare), fedde haɓantoonde inndeeji taƴe, jooɗiinde to Buffalo. Eɓɓaande Ekolosii Ñaawoore) hujja ; jom suudu makko Denis Melican kadi yalti e fedde nde. Dennis wiyi mi wonde jom suudu oo ina teskaa wonde kastan Powell ina waawi wonde « puccu Trojan », ɗum noon ina laɓɓina laawol ngam leɗɗe njulaagu goɗɗe ina mbaawa ɓeydaade heewde doole (supercharged) rewrude e inndeeji (injenieri) taariindi.
Susan Offutt, ganndo faggudu ndema, woni hooreejo Goomu Akademi Ngenndiijo Ganndal, Innjiniyaaruuji e Safaara, baɗnooɗo wiɗtooji ko faati e bioteknoloji laddeeji e hitaande 2018. O hollitii wonde laawol laamu nguu ina jokki e ƴellitde haala juutka ka, kañum ne ina jokki e ƴeewde ko ina wona jooni duuɓi 100 daraniiɓe haɓaade GMO. “Hol ko woni nafoore ladde ndee e nder mum?” o naamndii, ko yeru caɗeele, laawol ngol safraani. "Mbele laddeeji ina njogii nafooje mum en? Mbele eɗen njogii fartaŋŋe moraal teskaade ɗum so en mbaɗii kuule intervention?"
Ko ɓuri heewde e annduɓe ɓe kaaldu-mi ɓee ngalaa daliilu no feewi e leɗɗe Powell, sibu ladde ndee waɗii bonanndeeji keewɗi : leɗɗe, njulaagu, ƴellitaare, e mborosaaji e ñawuuji bonɗi ɗi ngalaa keerol. E nder majji, wilt kastan ina selli ko Kewu udditgol. Gary Lovett, ganndo ko faati e ekoloji ladde to Duɗal Ekosistem Cary to Millbrook, to New York, wiyi : « sahaa kala eɗen naatna tagooje kese timmuɗe ». “Batte kastanuuji baylaaɗi ɗii ina pamɗi no feewi.”
Donald Waller, ganndo ko faati e ekoloji ladde, mo ɓooyaani ko woppi golle mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wiskonsin-Madison, yahi haa ɓurti. O wi’i kam: “To bannge goɗɗo, miɗo siftina seeɗa ballal hakkunde riis e njoɓdi. To bannge goɗɗo, miɗo jokki tan e ƴattaade hoore am ngam riis.” Ooɗoo lekki baylaaɗi ina waawi addande ladde ndee kulhuli. E ko feewti heen, “hello les njoɓdi ndii ina heewi tan tinndi.” O wiyi wonde kastannde reentoonde wilting maa heɓ ndee ladde embattled. Yimɓe ina njiɗi yaakaare. Yimɓe ina njiɗi maandeeji. ”
Powell ina heewi heddaade e deeƴre, kono sikkitiiɓe e innde genetik ina mbaawi diwtude mo. O wi’i: “Ɗe ngalaa maanaa e am.” “Ɗe tuugnaaki e ganndal.” So inɗeele peewnii otooji walla telefoŋaaji ɓurɗi moƴƴude, hay gooto wullaani, ko ɗuum waɗi o yiɗi anndude ko boni e leɗɗe ɓurɗe moƴƴude. Powell wiyi « ɗum ko kuutorgal baawngal wallude ». “Hol ko waɗi aɗa wiya en mbaawaa huutoraade ngal kuutorgal? En mbaawi huutoraade ƴulɓe Phillips, kono wonaa ƴulɓe no woorunoo, e ko nanndi heen?”
E fuɗɗoode lewru oktoobar 2018, njahdu-mi e Powell to nokku ladde ɓuuɓɗo to fuɗnaange Sirakuusa. O yaakorii ko jaŋngo leƴƴi kastan Amerik ina mawna. Nokku oo ina fotnoo wonde jeereende, ina jeyaa e nokkuuji seeɗa ɗo leɗɗe njaɓata mawnude. Leɗɗe toowɗe pine e larch, geɗe eɓɓaande wiɗto ɓooynde, ina njuuti fuɗnaange, ina woɗɗi henndu ɓurndu heewde, ina rokka nokku oo mbaydi ɓuuɓndi seeɗa.
Wiɗtoowo biyeteeɗo Andrew Newhouse to laboratuwaar Powell ina golloo tawo e leɗɗe ɓurɗe moƴƴude wonande annduɓe, ko leɗɗe ladde ummoriiɗe to fuɗnaange Virginia. Lekki kii ina tolnoo e 25 meeter toowki, ina mawna e nder wertallo kastan, tawi ina taarnaa e ŋoral deer toowngal 10 meeter. Saak duɗal ngal ina haɓɓaa e ŋoral won e caɗeele lekki kii. Newhouse hollitii wonde saak plastik nder oo ina nanngaa e pollen Darling 58 mo annduɓe ɗaɓɓiri e lewru suwee, saak njamndi mboɗeeri yaajɗo oo ina woɗɗina ƴiye ɗee mawnude e ɓuuɓde. Setup oo fof ina woni e ƴeewndo tiiɗngo Departemaa Demokaraasi Amerik ; ko adii deregulation, pollen walla njuumri ummoriindi e leɗɗe jogiiɗe taƴe ɓeydaaɗe e nder feccere walla e nder laboratuwaar wiɗtoowo oo ina foti seertude.
Newhouse huutoriima ƴiye taƴɗe ɓuuɓɗe e dow caɗeele ɗee. Pullo e ɓoggol, feggere ndee taƴi, saak oo yani. Newhouse yaawi yahde to caltal baggal gadanal ngal, o artiri golle ɗee. Powell mooftii saakuuji ɗi njippii ɗii, waɗti ɗi e nder saak mawɗo, hono no jogaade geɗe baawɗe bonnude nguurndam nii.
Caggal nde ɓe ngarti e laboratuwaar, Newhouse e Hannah Pilkey njuppii e saak oo, ɓe njaawnii ittude ƴiye daneeje e nder bursiiji ɓaleeji ɗii. Ɓe ndeena hoto ƴiye ɗee naatde e ɓalndu, ko ɗum huunde bonnde e golle e nder wiɗtooji kastan. E jamaanu ɓennuɗo, ɓe njiɗnoo ko denndaangal njuumri teddundi baylaandi. Oo sahaa, ɓe keɓii haa jooni ko heewi : ko ina ɓura 1 000. Pirkey wiyi “min fof eɗen mbaɗa jimɗi tokoosi belɗi”.
Caggal ɗuum, oon kikiiɗe, Powell ƴetti kastanɗe ɗee, nawi ɗum to biro Neil Patterson to lobbiri. Ko ñalngu leƴƴi koɗdiiɗi (ñalngu Columbus), Patterson, balloowo gardiiɗo nokku ESF ngam leƴƴi koɗdiiɗi e nokkuuji, artii ko ɓooyaani e feccere duɗal ngal, ɗo o ardii seppo nguura koɗdigal. Ɓiɓɓe makko ɗiɗo e ɓiɗɗo mawniiko debbo ina njuula e ordinateer to biro. Gooto fof peeli, ñaami njuumri. Powell wiyi e nimsa : « haa jooni ina ɓuuɓna seeɗa ».
Dokkal Powell ngal ko keewngal faayiida. O woni ko e renndinde aawdi, omo ɗaminii huutoraade lowre Patterson ngam aawde kastanuuji e nokkuuji kesi, ɗo ɗi mbaawi heɓde pollen baylaaɗo e nder duuɓi seeɗa. O waɗi kadi dipolomasi kastanke dexterous.
Nde Patterson gollinaa e ESF e hitaande 2014, o anndi Powell ina jarriboo leɗɗe mbaylaaɗe, ɗe ngonaa kilooji seeɗa tan e nokku ɗo Onondaga Nation hoɗi ɗoo. Ko sakkitii koo woni ko e ladde, kilooji seeɗa to fuɗnaange Sirakuusa. Patterson anndi so eɓɓaande ndee yahrii, taƴe gonɗe e ñawu nguu ina mbaawi naatde e leydi hee, taƴondira e kastan heddiiɓe toon ɓee, ɗum noon ina wayla ladde nde ina jogii nafoore mawnde e mbaydi Onodaga. O nanii kadi ko fayti e kulhuli doolnuɗi, haa arti noon e won e yimɓe jeyaaɓe e renndooji, ngam salaade tagooje baylaaɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi. Yeru, e hitaande 2015, leñol Yurok haɗii restoraaji GMO to Fuɗnaange Kaliforni sabu kulhuli e waawde bonnude gese mum en e liɗɗi salmon.
Patterson wiyi mi : « miɗo anndi ko ɗum waɗi en ɗoo, ko famɗi fof, eɗen poti waɗde yeewtere ». E batu 2015 mo ESF yuɓɓini e hitaande 2015, Powell waɗii konngol teskinngol feewde e terɗe leƴƴi koɗdiiɗi e New York. Caggal konngol ngol, Patterson siftinii wonde ardiiɓe heewɓe mbiyi : “Eɗen poti aawde leɗɗe !” Yaakaare maɓɓe haawnii Patterson. O wiyi : “mi sikkaano.”
Kono jeewte caggal ɗuum kollitii wonde seeɗa e maɓɓe ina ciftora tigi rigi darnde lekki kii e nder pinal mum gaadanteewal. Wiɗtooji Patterson jowitiiɗi e ɗuum kollitii mo wonde e sahaa nde jiiɓru renndo e halkaare ekolosii ina mbaɗa e sahaa gooto, laamu Amerik ina huutoroo peeje yaajɗe ngam ustude semmbeeji e assimilaasiyoŋ, tee ñawu nguu arii. Hono no geɗe keewɗe goɗɗe nii, pinal kastan nokku oo e nder nokku hee majjii. Patterson holliti kadi wonde miijooji jowitiiɗi e injiniyaagal renndo ina ceerti no feewi. Alfie Jacques, peewnoowo leɗɗe lacrosse to Onoda, ina yaakorii waɗde leɗɗe e leɗɗe kastan, ina wallita eɓɓaande ndee. Woɗɓe ina cikka wonde riis oo ina mawni no feewi, ko ɗum waɗi ina luulndii leɗɗe.
Patterson ina faami ɗeeɗoo darnde ɗiɗi. Ko ɓooyaani koo o wiyi mi : “ina wayi no telefoŋ cinndel e ɓiɗɗo am.” O holliti ɓiyiiko ina hoota galle mum gila jaŋde, sabu rafi korona. "Nyalawma gooto mi yalti fof; ngam jokkondirde e maɓɓe, ɓe ngoni ko e janngude. Janngo mum, hono, en ndartin ɗeen geɗe." Kono duuɓi kaaldigal e Powell ustii sikkitaare makko. Ko ɓooyaani koo, o anndi wonde ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe 58 Darling ɗe ngalaa taƴre naatnde, ɗum firti ko kastan ladde asliije ɗee maa njokku mawnude e nder ladde. Patterson wiyi ɗum ittii caɗeele mawɗe.
E nder njillu amen e lewru oktoobar, o wiyi mi wonde ko addani mo waawde wallitde eɓɓaande GM ndee haa timma, ko sabu o anndaa so tawii Powell ina sokli yimɓe jokkondirɓe e lekki kii walla lekki kii. Patterson wiyi, ina taƴa e koyngal mum, “mi anndaa ko woni e makko. O wiyi tan so jotondiral hakkunde neɗɗo e kastan ina waawi moƴƴineede, ina haani heɓtude ndee lekki.
E nder ɗuum, o wiyi omo jogori huutoraade njuumri ndi Powell rokki mo ndi ngam waɗde pudding kastan e nebam. O addanta ɗiin ñameele e nder leydi Onondaga, o nodda yimɓe ngam yiytude mbaydiiji mum en ɓooyɗi. O wi’i: “Miɗo sikki noon, ko no salminde sehil ɓooyɗo nii. Aɗa foti tan naatde e oto gila ɗo njooɗiɗaa ɗoo.”
Powell heɓi dokkal miliyoŋaaji 3,2 dolaar ummoraade e Templeton World Charity Foundation e lewru Yarkomaa, ko ɗum addanta Powell yahrude yeeso no o yahrata e njuɓɓudi laamu e yaajnude wiɗtooji makko gila e genetik haa e goonga goonga e peewnugol leydi ndii fof. So laamu nguu rokkii mo barke, Powell e annduɓe ummoriiɓe to Fooyre Ɓamtaare Ameriknaare maa puɗɗo accude ɗum ina ɓuuɓtoo. Pollen e taƴe mum ɓeydaaɗe ɗee maa puɗɗo walla ɓuuɓnee e dow laylayti leɗɗe goɗɗe, tawa kadi ko baasal kastanuuji baylaaɗi ɗii maa ƴellito tawa ko e nokkuuji jarriborɗi toppitiiɗi ɗii. So en teskiima wonde taƴre ndee ina waawi jogaade e nder ladde e nder laboratuwaar, ɗum noon ko huunde nde laaɓtaani, tee maa nde saaktu e nder ladde-ɗum ko toɓɓere ekolosii nde annduɓe njiɗi kono radikal en ina kuli.
Caggal nde lekki kasta ina fooftoo, mbele aɗa waawi soodde heen? Eey, Newhouse wiyi, ko ɗuum woni peeje. Wiɗtooɓe ɓee naamnaama yontere kala hol nde leɗɗe keɓata.
E nder winndere nde Powell, Newhouse e wondiiɓe mum nguuri, ina weeɓi sikkude wonde leydi ndii fof ina ɗaminii lekki mum en. Kono, yahde e werlaa juutɗo feewde fuɗnaange ngesa wiɗto ngoo rewrude e wuro Sirakuusa ina siftina en no waylooji luggiɗɗi mbaɗiri e nder weeyo e renndo gila e majjugol kastan Amerik. Chestnut Heights Drive woni ko e wuro tokooso to bannge worgo Sirakuusa. Ko mbedda hoɗɓe ordinateer, jogiiɗo laabi jaajɗi, gaasuuji laaɓtuɗi, sahaa e sahaa fof leɗɗe tokoose pawɗe, toɓɓere e nder galle yeeso. . Sosiyetee leɗɗe oo ɗaɓɓaani ummital kastan. Faggudu ndema keɓtinndu hoore mum tuugnorgal kastan, majjii haa laaɓi. Fotde hay gooto yaltataa njuumri softundi e mbelndi e burɗi tiiɗɗi no feewi. Ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe ina mbaawi hay anndude alaa ko ŋakki e ladde hee.
Mi darii, mi nyaami nyaamdu piknik haa sera maayo Onondaga les 6uu6ol lekki mawki daneeji. Lekki kii ina wondi e boruuji daneeji jalbooji. Miɗo yi’a ɓulli ɗi ɓowɗi ɗii mbaɗata e ɓalndu nduu. Ina fuɗɗoo majjude leɗɗe, ina waawi maayde, ɓuuɓtoo duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum. Ngam artude ɗoo tan e galle am to Maryland, miɗo rewi e ujunnaaje ujunnaaje leɗɗe cumu maayɗe, ɗe ƴiye pittaali ɓuuɓɗe ina ummoo e sara laawol ngol.
To Appalachia, sosiyatee oo ƴettii leɗɗe e nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e Bitlahua ngam heɓde kuuraa les. Ɓernde leydi kuuraa ina hawra e ɓernde leydi kastan ɓooyndi. Fedde Ameriknaare wiyeteende Chestnut Foundation gollodiima e pelle aawnooɗe leɗɗe e dow ŋoral kuuraa, jooni noon leɗɗe kastanɗe ina mawna e ujunnaaje ujunnaaje ektaar leydi ndi musiiba oo toɗɗii. Ɗeeɗoo leɗɗe ina njeyaa tan e hibriiduuji baawɗi haɓtaade mborosaaji bakteriiji, kono ina gasa tawa ina nanndi e yonta keso leɗɗe ɗe ñalnde heen mbaawi haɓtaade mawɗe ladde ɓooyɗe.
E lewru mee ɓennundu nduu, ko adii fof, keeweendi gaas karbonik e nder weeyo ina yettoo 414,8 feccere e miliyoŋ. Hono leɗɗe goɗɗe ɗee, teddeendi kastan Amerik ndi wonaa ndiyam ko hedde feccere karbon. Geɗe seeɗa ɗe mbaaw-ɗaa aawde e dow leydi ina mbaawi soomde karbon e weeyo ko ɓuri lekki kastan mawnuki. E nder ɗuum, winndannde yaltunde e jaaynde wiyeteende Wall Street Journal e hitaande ɓennunde ndee, hollitii wonde “njokken ngesa kastan goɗɗo.”