Oo lowre huutortoo ko cookiiji ngam moƴƴinde humpito kuutortooɗo maa. So a jokkii huutoraade ndee lowre, a jaɓii kuutorɗe amen cookiiji.
So aɗa jogii limoore tergal ACS, winndu ɗoo mbele min mbaawa jokkondirde e ndee konte e tergal maa. (Ha ngiɗa)
ACS ina teddini sirlu maa. So a neldii humpito maa, aɗa waawi yillaade C&EN e aboneede e kabaruuji amen yontere kala. Min kuutortoo ko kabaruuji ɗi ndokku-ɗaa ɗii ngam moƴƴinde humpito maa e jaŋde, kadi min meeɗaa yeeyde kabaruuji maa e terɗe goɗɗe.
E hitaande 2005, fedde mawnde nde Colgate-Palmolive, nde yalti e njulaagu mum to Amerik worgo, nde soodi geɗe bayɗe no Fab e Dynamo to Phoenix Brands. Duuɓi tati caggal ɗuum, fedde woɗnde, wiyeteende Unilever, soodi geɗe mum Ameriknaaje detergen ina heen All e Wisk to Sun Products.
Yeeyde golle mum e sosiyeteeji ɗiɗi tokoosi keertiiɗi, waɗii luural toowngal P&G e nder detergent loowdi Amerik, ko famɗi fof, alaa ko luulndii ɗum. Ko ɓuri haawnaade heen, ko Procter & Gamble bayyinaani nafoore mum.
Ndeke, e hitaande 2014, Alan G. Lafley, hooreejo fedde wiyeteende Procter & Gamble (P&G) e oon sahaa, mettinii no feewi nde Unilever yaltini golle mum. O wiyi wonde ɗum foolii luumo hakkundeejo luumo detergen, ɗum waɗi geɗe P&G ɓuri waawde huutoreede ko e luumo toowngo, tawi ina rokka geɗe leslese ɗee e haɓdiiɓe tato. Procter & Gamble ko yeeyoowo markeeji anndaaɗi ko wayi no Tide e Gain. Ko kañum woni fotde 60% e njeeygu loowdi Amerik, kono ko njeeygu ngu dartiima, tee ina waɗi ŋakkeende coggu mawnde hakkunde geɗe sosiyetee oo e haɓdiiɓe mum.
Hitaande fawtii heen, gooto e haɓdiiɓe mum, sosiyatee Almaañnaajo biyeteeɗo Henkel, diwti geɗe. Sosiyetee oo yaltinii detergent mum Oropnaajo toowɗo biyeteeɗo Persil to Amerik, adii yeeyde ɗum tan ko e Wal-Mart, caggal ɗuum yaltini ɗum e yeeyooɓe ko wayi no Target. E hitaande 2016, Henkel ɓeydii jiiɓde geɗe ɗee nde heɓi Sun Products.
Udditgol Persil ngol wuurtinii njulaagu loowdi, kono ina gasa tawa ina yaawi ko ɓuri ko Lafley miijinoo. E lewru mee ɓennundu nduu, nde jaaynde « Consumer Report » inniri gooto e geɗe kese Henkel, hono Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, woni loowdi Amerik ɓurndi moƴƴude, kanko e ardiiɓe P&G woɗɓe ɓee, ina poti hulɓinaade. Kewu nguu waɗii Tide e jappeere ɗiɗmere ko adii fof e nder duuɓi.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) artiri feere mum adannde innde mawnde wiyeteende Tide Ultra Stain Release e hitaande 2016. Sosiyetee oo wiyi ɓeydii heen geɗe ɓuuɓɗe, itti heen ndiyam, ɗum addani feere ɓurnde denndaangal e ɓuuɓde, baawnde moƴƴinde ittugol ɓuuɓri. Magazine oo hollitii wonde geɗel ngel ina toppitii doggol ngol e ƴeewndo Consumer Reports caggal ɗuum, hay so tawii noon ngel alaa ko nafata e limtooji.
Ko ɓooyaani koo, jaaynde wiyeteende Consumer Reports limtii wonde Tide Plus Ultra ina wiyee « Tide Plus Ultra » e « Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 » ko kañum en ngoni kaɓirɗe ɗiɗi ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik. C&EN maa ƴeewto geɗe baɗɗe ooɗoo ngonka, kam e kuutoragol mum en e peewnoowo mum en.
Ko ɓooyaani koo, jaaynde wiyeteende Consumer Reports limtii wonde Tide Plus Ultra ina wiyee « Tide Plus Ultra » e « Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 » ko kañum en ngoni kaɓirɗe ɗiɗi ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik. C&EN maa ƴeewto geɗe baɗɗe ooɗoo ngonka, kam e kuutoragol mum en e peewnoowo mum en.
Ina yaawi wiyde so tawii Henkel ina foti luulndaade P&G no feewi e soodooɓe Ameriknaaɓe soodooɓe loowdi toowndi. Kono so tawii kemisteeji formulaaji P&G ina njiɗi weltaade sabu ŋakkeende kawgel, ko goonga maa ɓe limte.
Shoaib Arif, gardiiɗo kuutorɗe e karallaagal to Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, hollitii wonde to Amerik, Tide e Persil ko geɗe toowɗe wonande njulaagu nguu, ina mbaawi fecceede e toɓɓe golle nay. Duuɓi keewɗi, Arif e annduɓe Pilot woɗɓe mballitii sosiyeteeji keewɗi peewnugol kaɓirɗe galleeji ngam feewnude detergentuuji kesi e geɗe laɓɓinooje goɗɗe.
E nder luumo leslesngo, ko detergent faggudu mawɗo. E wiyde Arif, ina waawi tawa ina waɗi tan ko ɓuuɓri, ko wayi no sulfonaat alkil benzene lineer (LABS) kam e ɓuuɓri e kalaaji. Daawe garooje ɗee ina mbaawi ɓeydude heen geɗe ballitooje walla mahooɓe, ko wayi no sitraat sodium, tackifier e geɗe ɗiɗmere.
LABS ko surfactant anionic, moƴƴo e ittude mborosaaji e mbaydiiji, ina golloo no moƴƴi e mbaydiiji cotton. Surfactant ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo waawde huutoreede ko etanol etoxylate, surfactant mo alaa iyon, ɓurɗo LABS waawde, haa teeŋti noon e ittude mboros e diƴƴe e nder fiɓnde sintetik.
E nder laral tataɓal ngal, formulaaji ina mbaawi ɓeydude heen ƴulɓe optik e coggu ɓurngu famɗude seeɗa. Ɗeeɗoo jalbooje optik ina njaltina annoore ultraviolet, ina njaltina ɗum e nokku ɓuuɓɗo ngam waɗde comci ɗii ɓura jalbude. Surfaktanuuji ɓurɗi moƴƴude, chelating agents, mahooɓe woɗɓe e polimeruuji kaɓtotooɗi redeposition ina keewi taweede e ɗeen formulaaji, baawɗi nanngude diƴƴe e ndiyam lootirɗam ngam haɗde ɗum ɓuuɓde e dow mbaydi ndii kadi.
Detergentuuji ɓurɗi yaajde ɗii ina cifaa e jolngo toowngo e surfaktanuuji goɗɗi keewɗi, ko wayi no sulfaat alkol, sulfaat etoksi alkol, oksidaaji amin, saabunde asid fatty e kation. Polimeruuji nanngugol leydi eksootik (won heen ko sosiyeteeji bayɗi no Procter & Gamble e Henkel) e enzim en kadi ina njeyaa e ndeeɗoo cate.
Kono Arif jeertinii wonde mooftude geɗe ina addana ɗum caɗeele mum. Haa e nokku gooto, peewnugol detergen ko ganndal, tee kemikal ina anndi sifaa geɗe kemikal, ko wayi no golle dowri (surfactants) .
O faamnini : “Kono so foormula oo feewnaama, ɗee geɗe fof maa njokkondir, a waawaa anndude tigi ko foormulaaji cakkitiiɗi ɗii mbaɗata.” “Haa jooni aɗa foti ƴeewndaade ngam anndude so ina golla e nguurndam goonga.”
Yeru, surfaktanuuji e mahooɓe ina mbaawi haɗde golle enzim, Arif wiyi. Formulaaji detergen ina mbaawi huutoraade mbayliigu enzim (ko wayi no boraat sodium e formaat kalsiyum) ngam safrude ndee caɗeele.
Franco Pala, ganndo mawɗo wiɗto to Eɓɓaande Detergent Adunaare Battelle, hollitii wonde ŋakkeende surfaktant toownde tawaande e markeeji detergent ɓurɗi moƴƴude ina waawi kadi saabaade caɗeele. « Ɓeydude surfaktanuuji keewɗi e mbaydi toowndi nii, weeɓaani », Pala faamnini. Solubilite wonta caɗeele, kadi jokkondiral bonngal hakkunde surfaktanuuji kadi wonta caɗeele.
Porogaraam Battelle keewɗo kiliyaneeɓe mo Pala ardii fuɗɗii ko e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1990 e ƴeewtaade ko woni e markeeji mawɗi winndereeji peewnugol geɗe laɓɓingol. Battelle huutoriima kuutorɗe ganndal keewɗe ngam wallitde jom en markeeji e yeeyooɓe kaɓirɗe ngam yahrude yeeso e doggol geɗe ngam faamde, yeru, tolno etoksilaasiyoŋ surfaktan walla so tawii ɓalndu surfaktan ko lineer walla branched.
Para wiyi hannde, polimeruuji ko huunde himmunde e kesam-hesaagu e nder geɗe detergen. Yeru, geɗe Tide e Persil fof ina njogii etoksilaat polietilenimiin, ko ɗum polimer ɓuuɓnoowo diƴƴe, mo BASF feewni ngam Procter & Gamble, kono hannde ɓuri yaajde e peewnugol detergen.
Pala hollitii wonde kopolimeruuji asid tereftalik ina tawee kadi e won e detergentuuji toowɗi, ɗi maa ustoy mbaydi ndii e nder loowdi ndii, tawa ina weeɓi ittude mborosaaji e mborosaaji e nder loowdi ndii caggal ɗuum. Battelle huutortoo ko kuutorɗe ko wayi no kromatogaraafi permeaasiyoŋ gel ngam seerndude polimeruuji, caggal ɗuum huutoroo spektoroskopi infrared ngam anndude sifaa mum en.
Porogaraam Battelle ina waɗa kadi hakkille no feewi e enzim, ko geɗe biotech ɗe peewnoowo jokki e moƴƴinde hitaande kala. Ngam ƴeewde golle enzim oo, goomu Pala ƴetti enzim oo e lowre jogiinde kromofor. So enzim oo ustii ɓuuɓri ndii, kromofoor oo yaltata, fotndee e spektoroskopi absorption walla fluorescence.
Poroteyiinuuji njiylotooɗi poroteyiinuuji ko enzimuuji gadani ɓeydaaɗi e detergentuuji e darorɗe kitaale 1960. Caggal ɗuum, enzimuuji ɓeydaaɗi e arsenal ɗii ina mbaɗi amilaas, ɓuuɓnoowo amidon, e mannanaas, ɓuuɓnoowo ɓuuɓri ngam guar gum. So ñaamduuji baɗɗi guar (ko wayi no ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri barbecue) ɓuuɓnaama e comci, ɓuuɓri ina heddoo e comci ɗii hay so lootaama. Ina ɓuuɓna e nder mbaydi, ina huutoree no koolaaɗo nii ngam diƴƴe ɓuuɓɗe, ina waɗa ɓuuɓri caɗtundi ittude.
Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 e Tide Ultra Stain Release fof ina njogii poroteyiin, amilaas e mannanaas.
Persil ina waɗi kadi lipase (baawɗo ustude ƴiiƴam) e sellulase (baawɗo laɓɓineede e mbaadi ngoɗndi tawa ina ɓuuɓna won e jokkondire glikosidik e nder fiɓnde cotton) ngam ittude diƴƴe jokkondirɗe e fiɓnde ndee. Cellulase ina waawi kadi softinde cotton, ɓeyda jalbugol mum. E oon sahaa gooto, e fawaade e binndanɗe patent, sifaa keeriiɗo mo detergen tidal woni, ko glukanase, baawɗo ustude polisakaariiji ɗi amilaas waawaa ustude.
Novozymes e DuPont ko ɓooyi wonde peewnoowo enzim mawɗo, kono ko ɓooyaani koo BASF naatii e njulaagu nguu e mbaadi proteases. E batu Cleaning Products yuɓɓinaangu to Almaañ e lewru ut ɓennundu nduu, BASF ƴettii feere ngam hawrude e protease mum keso oo e etoxylate polyethyleneimine, o wiyi wonde jillondiral ngal ina addana soodooɓe yiɗɓe feewnude detergents ngam lootde e nguleeki tokoosi.
E goonga, Arif e woɗɓe ƴeewooɓe luumo ɓee mbiyi wonde accude peewnoowo detergen ina waɗa geɗe baawɗe huutoraade semmbe seeɗa walla reende weeyo e jolngooji tawaaɗi ko keeri garooji e nder gollordu nduu. E lewru mee ɓennundu nduu, P&G yaltinii Tide Purclean, woni mbaydi marke mum teskinɗo, mo 65% e geɗe mum ummorii ko e leɗɗe. Ndeen, e lewru oktoobar, Unilever heɓti Seventh Generation, peewnoowo leɗɗe e geɗe laɓɓinooje goɗɗe, ngam artirde e luumo leɗɗe Amerik.
Hay so tawii waylude geɗe ɓurɗe moƴƴude ɗee e detergenuuji keɓtinaaɗi ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, « ko woni hannde koo ɓuri wonde ko nafoore » , wiyi Arif. “Sosiyeteeji ina naamnoo,’Hol no mbaɗten geɗe ummoriiɗe e tagoore nde ustata tooke e yimɓe e nokkuuji, kono haa jooni ina mbaɗa ko moƴƴi?”